7 must-see ancient cuneiform tablets at Istanbul Archaeological Museums

Approximately 6,000 years ago, the cuneiform script was inscribed onto clay tablets, roughly the size of modern smartphones, in what is now southern Iraq. Using clay as a medium for writing was an ingenious method, as materials like parchment, papyrus, and paper were prone to decay. However, clay, being durable, has withstood the test of time and remains one of the most sustainable writing surfaces ever used.

Much like how the Latin alphabet is used globally for languages like Turkish, German, Spanish, and English today, cuneiform was employed across various languages in the ancient world. The cuneiform script, comprised of lines and triangles, was created by pressing a reed stylus into moist clay. These marks were sometimes written on large cuneiform tablets or cylindrical surfaces, but typically, small palm-sized clay pieces were used. The script’s small size remains one of its greatest mysteries.

Many examples of these cuneiform tablets are housed in the Istanbul Archaeological Museums.

Here’s a list of cuneiform tablets we’ve curated for you—a must-see on your museum visit!

1. Treaty of Kadesh: First written peace agreement

The Treaty of Kadesh, dating back to 1,269 B.C., is known as the world’s first written peace treaty. Signed between Hittite King Hattusili III and Egyptian Pharaoh Ramses II, it was written in Akkadian, the diplomatic language of the time. Three copies of this treaty exist: one in Berlin and two in the Istanbul Archaeological Museums.

The Egyptian version of the treaty emphasizes Egypt’s importance, presenting peace as a divine gift, while the Hittite text closely follows the agreed-upon terms. An excerpt from the treaty reads:

“The king of Egypt, the great king, the hero Ramses, made this treaty with the king of Hatti, Hattusili, to ensure the continuation of their good friendship, brotherhood, and great kingdoms.”

2. Marriage contract from Karum-Kanesh (Kultepe)

This contract from the 19th century B.C. outlines the terms of marriage between La-qepum and Hatala in Assyrian. It includes provisions on polygamy, childbearing, and the consequences of divorce, with detailed financial arrangements.

This contract highlights the legal intricacies of marriage in ancient Anatolia and serves as a rare glimpse into daily life.

3. Oldest love poem in the world

The world’s oldest known love poem was found in Nippur (Niffar), dating back to the early Ur III period (c. 2,037-2,029 B.C.). The poem, part of Sumerian religious practice, was likely performed during new year festivals. It celebrates the sacred union between the king and the goddess Inanna, reflecting the significance of fertility and divine blessings in Sumerian culture.

An excerpt from the poem: “The groom, my beloved, your beauty is great, sweet as honey.”

4. Ullikummi song: A mythical tale from Hittites

One of the most fascinating Hittite epics, the Ullikummi Song, tells the story of the monster Ullikummi, who was created by the god Kumarbi to challenge the storm god Tesup.

The epic reveals the rich mythology of the Hittites and their belief in divine battles for supremacy.

5. A letter discussing smuggling from Karum-Kanesh (Kultepe)

This letter from the 19th century B.C. discusses the smuggling of cloth, revealing the early existence of trade routes and illegal activities in ancient Anatolia.

It also illustrates the bureaucratic procedures for handling such issues in Assyrian society.

6. Biography of Hattusili III

This text from the 13th century B.C. describes the rise of Hittite King Hattusili III, including his military campaigns, political struggles, and the divine protection he believed he received from the goddess Ishtar.

It offers insight into the king’s personal life and his relationship with his brother, King Muwatalli.

7. A donation document from Hattusa

This 13th-century B.C. document details donations made by King Arnuwanda and Queen Asmunikal to the temple priestess Kuwatalla.

It includes grants of land, animals, and slaves, showcasing the practice of royal charity and its religious significance.

These ancient texts not only provide fascinating glimpses into the lives, beliefs, and politics of ancient Anatolia but also demonstrate the enduring legacy of the written word, from the earliest forms of cuneiform to complex legal documents.