Can smallpox vaccine protect world against rampant mpox virus? 

The resurgence of mpox – virus closely related to smallpox – is raising alarm worldwide, with new cases reported in the U.S., U.K. and across Europe.

As concerns about a potential outbreak grow, experts offer crucial insights into the virus, its transmission and prevention measures.

Which countries reported mpox cases?

• First identified in the 1960s, the mpox virus (MPXV) clade I epidemic has recently spread beyond Africa – where it is typically endemic.
• This strain has surged in the Democratic Republic of Congo since September 2023, accounting for over 96% of cases and deaths in Africa this year.
• It has recently spread to several other African countries including Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda and Kenya. Africa has seen over 14,000 mpox cases and 524 deaths this year, a significant increase from last year.
• International travel and migration have led to cases appearing in the United States, the U.K., Sweden and other European countries.

What are mpox symptoms?

• Similar to smallpox, mpox symptoms include fever, headaches, swollen lymph nodes, back pain and muscle aches.
• Within 1-3 days, patients develop a rash with painful, itchy blisters on the face, hands, feet and other parts of the body.
• These rashes eventually scab over and may leave scars.

How does mpox spread?

• The virus is transmitted through close contact with an infected person’s bodily fluids, contaminated objects or respiratory droplets.
• Health experts stressed the importance of personal hygiene, especially regular hand washing and avoiding the sharing of personal items.
• Public spaces, such as airplanes, can also be potential transmission sites if not adequately cleaned.
• Dr. Tevfik Ozlu, a member of the Turkish Science Board, emphasized the need for meticulous hygiene in vehicles and public spaces to minimize infection risk.

Can smallpox vaccine protect against mpox?

• The smallpox vaccine, which was widely administered until 1980, offers approximately 80% protection against mpox.
• Individuals vaccinated before 1980 may have some immunity, but the protection could have waned over time.
• Health expert Dr. Bulent Ertugrul noted that in case of exposure, the immune system of those previously vaccinated would recognize the virus, potentially leading to a milder infection.

How world responded to mpox threat?

• The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the situation a global health emergency, raising concerns about potential international spread.
• The U.S. has begun producing updated smallpox vaccines and distributing them to regions affected by mypox outbreaks.
• Türkiye’s preparedness in this regard remains uncertain, though experts do not anticipate a significant risk within the country.

No need for panic, but caution advised

• Despite growing concern, professor Dr. Bulent Ertugrul advised against panic, stating that while mpox is transmissible, it is unlikely to escalate to a pandemic because of its transmission mode.
• The virus requires close contact for transmission, unlike respiratory viruses, reducing its potential for widespread, uncontrolled spread.

• Addressing rumors, professor Dr. Onder Ergonul dismisses the idea that mpox could be used as a biological weapon, given its limited transmission route.