Modern science disproves link between Ephesus’ skull, Cleopatra’s sister

An interdisciplinary research team from the University of Vienna has definitively determined that a skull discovered in Ephesus, Türkiye, in 1929 does not belong to Arsinoe IV, Cleopatra’s sister.

Instead, the remains are identified as those of a boy aged between 11 and 14 who exhibited significant developmental disorders. This finding was published in Scientific Reports on Jan. 10, 2025.

Background of discovery

The skull was unearthed during excavations of a tomb known as the “Octagon” by Austrian archaeologist Josef Keil. Initially, it was believed to belong to a distinguished young woman, potentially Arsinoe IV, who was murdered in Ephesus around 41 B.C. at the behest of Mark Antony, Cleopatra’s lover.

Early analyses suggested a connection to high social status due to architectural elements resembling Egyptian designs, fueling speculation about the identity of the remains.

Modern analysis techniques for Cleopatra’s sister found

The recent study utilized advanced methods, including micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), genetic testing, and radiocarbon dating. The skull was scanned at an impressive resolution of 80 micrometers, allowing for detailed morphological assessments.

Genetic analysis revealed a Y chromosome, indicating male lineage and isotopic composition analysis suggested origins from Italy or Sardinia.

Key findings

• Age and condition: The skull belonged to a male child approximately 11 to 14 years old. The analysis indicated he suffered from pathological developmental disorders, including an underdeveloped upper jaw, that likely caused significant chewing difficulties.
• Dating: The remains were dated between 36 and 205 BCE, aligning with the period of Arsinoë IV’s death but confirming they could not be hers.
• Social status: While the tomb was intended for someone of high status, the identity of the occupant remains uncertain.

This research not only dispels long-held beliefs regarding the identity of the remains but also opens new avenues for investigation into the burial practices and social hierarchies of ancient Ephesus.

The search for Arsinoe IV’s final resting place can now continue without the shadow of previous misconceptions. This study represents a significant advancement in our understanding of historical figures and their contexts through modern scientific techniques.